Combining lexicon-driven parsing and phrase-structure-based parsing

(~l-J ([ti'~rna ar), which dn r~ol have e×plicil phrase slitil~ilJre tales, ai'~ sutlable for higher le, vel syritax but eel far low level b.liigu~ljo-wlitch sootri to require lhe power of phrase .~iti°!Jollire rrilos. 'Fhlt,; fJ~'~i)ei' t31"r).'lenl!~ an h+iiploi~iolilaihiu nloll'ied itJ ceiTil:~llle lext0ul!., ddvoii parsllig ~lild phras(t D, triJcluro parsing, with a si)cclal riitl~liis ~;alled ~#raph.,sfiuctisr'ed stack. I.fo~>get llngui,~;lic ~rafnrear toeilalisms earl be classilled halo Iwe f~liillles, pht~]se-,<;tructure-based or lexlcorkdriven.-[bt~ phrase ° ~trl.lCtuie.i)ased foriiialisrlis hiclude Oeflnile Clause (-lrarnn-lar [IJ], Le×fcal Ftnctioaal Granimar[3], Gerleralized Phrase L~tructuro (~raiillTlar [.'J, 6 i alld F:tinclierial Uriificatioa Granlmar t7]. ]hey all are h~,,.;~-i(; eu context-free phrase structure rules wliich ar~-) ~ugieelltet'~ iH ella way or arlether. On lbe olher 1lend, Io×icoli-driw;ii tei'inalh~i~s iucledo Catogorial OraaIrrlar[l], tlead-diivoli Phi'a~Jo f~trdclere (-iralnnlar [9, 10| arid GtJ-(71rammar [4, 13]. All e! tliese lexicoll..drivon forMalislos do riot have any explioil ptiadltJ stuJClllre rillos, but lulorfuatioe about bow to ceicbirie oorisilllleii~f~ inlo a high~;r coastlitJerlt is ella:cried ill each lexicoe or COilSiitLl~!~lit which is I(i be combined. It Is elicit argued that Ioxicerl.-ddverl trll'lrl~rtlisnls cEIn haiidle sonI¢7 Iieguistlc pll(.~rlOlllentt lJtlCl/ a{'l free-word-order Ifiero elogaritly, aud also they can capture uriiversalily (if rnlilliple languages, as described, for exarriple, by Wehili t14]. Iil section 2, on lhe other I'land, it is argued that, while lexioon-driven forinalisins might be suitable 1o cope will] linguistically "intereslh'ig" phenonioea, they lack the power to express linguistically "enieteresting" phenoe~eaa which are ellen very specific to a pallicular language, Unfollunaiely, in order to build a praclical pai~er for a "real" taxi, one must haudle wry irlany "uainteresting" low level pPlenornena which canaot be ea,,ill 7 ~ormalized hi the lexicon-driveri way. Heriee, tf we Wahl Io build ~ praclical p~lrser wllh ~ theory behind lhe Ioxicori-drlven tor,i~alisms, iheri it ls ttssenllal to eat'tibiae lexicon-driven parshlg (for higher level synti~,") and phlase-structere-based parsing (lor low level delall and other liingeago-specilic/exceptioiral coiistrtictioris). In seelion 3, we geaeralize lho compulalleaal models of all the iexicoe-driveu urid phrase..st reclure-based terrnaltsiris as shift.reduce parsing. 8eclioa 4 hllreduces the 9raph-structur~Jd stack to handle rlori-deterrniaisrn in shill-reduce parsing, in soclloes <5 r!ud 6, we doscrib~J the use of tile grapli..sltuclured slack Iri I..exlcou ddvon and i:~llrase-strucltne-based parsiug, respecllvely. We then diucuss trlow to cembiae lhese lwo kinds of parsinfj wilh lho graph-struclurod stack, in secllen 7. lit It)rau{ical af)pllcatieii.% llii)lii seriterictt,-J have> iliaiiy Jali[flll!,.j~:, ~-ip~.cilic ph~)ilOlilOili~ ihal aro riot Iin.quislioaliy 'iiltoiu~lin{j'L COl isidt~r iIi{+, t,.ill~:whl~} s~ntendo8: "i'ak~ lwo …